Pain and grief and shock explode from the pages of Lamentations. The unthinkable has happened: Jerusalem has fallen.
The year is 586 BCE. A year-and-a-half long siege by the Babylonian empire has recently ended with their army sweeping through the city of Jerusalem in a mighty flood of fire and sword. Every building burns. The city's walls have been torn down and the temple lies in ruins. Dead bodies burn in the streets and jackals prowl the empty market squares. Survivors were dragged off to become slaves of the empire or now starve in the broken city.
Lamentations is a set of five poems (or lyrics) that were originally sung by survivors to mourn the destruction of Jerusalem. Instead of blaming the invading Babylonians, these singers unanimously view the violence they've suffered as if God himself had held the sword.
Very few parts of the Bible give space to the survivors of God's violence to speak out. Therefore, their lament holds a unique power to convict us of the harmful way we read the Bible.
There are two voices in Lamentations 1
The poetic form of Lamentations makes it hard to identify who is speaking (or rather singing), especially if you are unfamiliar with the book.
In the first poem, there are two voices who sing three times each in a call-and-response format.
The first voice acts like a modern-day television news reporter—if news reporters sang! Imagine him looking into a video camera dispassionately narrating the facts while the smoking shell of a war-torn city lies behind him. We'll call him the reporter.
The second voice is that of the city of Jerusalem. Her words were most likely composed by a female survivor who prophetically gives her city a personality and a voice in order to challenge the prevailing religious narrative. The reporter calls her Daughter Zion or simply Zion or Jerusalem, though she calls herself Daughter Judah at one point (15c). She represents both the people of Jerusalem and the larger nation of Judah as a whole.
The reporter's perspective
The first verse of the book summarises the complete upheaval of Daughter Zion’s world. From full of people to deserted, from great to insignificant, from queen to slave, everything has changed for her.
How deserted lies the city,
once so full of people!
How like a widow is she,
who once was great among the nations!
She who was queen among the provinces
has now become a slave.
— Lamentations 1:1 NIV
The reporter hints at the reason for this dramatic turnaround when he compares her to a widow in verse 1b. The only way she can be "like a widow" is if her husband has left her. This is shocking news considering how we view the covenantal relationship between God and Isreal as a marriage (e.g., Jer. 31:32).
Something terrible has occurred between God and Daughter Zion.
In verse 2, the reporter leads us to believe this separation may have been Daughter Zion's fault. He tells us how "she weeps at night" (2a), yet she goes uncomforted despite "all her lovers" (2b).
By verse 5, it's clear the reporter is not an impartial observer of her tragedy. He bluntly states how the ransacking of this once great city has occurred as God's punishment because of her "many sins" (5b).
For the LORD has punished Jerusalem
for her many sins.
— Lamentations 1:5b NLT
He believes she has cheated on God
In verse 8, the reporter escalates his "lovers" comment from verse 2 into a full-blown accusation of infidelity. Everyone has "seen her naked" (8b)
Jerusalem has sinned greatly
and so has become unclean.
All who honoured her despise her,
for they have all seen her naked;
she herself groans
and turns away.
Her filthiness clung to her skirts;
she did not consider her future.
— Lamentations 1:8-9a NIV
He thinks her naïve. How could she not have considered the consequences of her actions? What did she think God was going to do to her if she cheated on him multiple times?
His next comment seems laced with irony.
Her downfall was astounding;
there was none to comfort her.
— Lamentations 1:9b CSB
Throughout this first poem, the reporter draws our attention to her lovers (2b), her sins (5b), her nakedness (8b), her filthiness (9a), and her fall (9b).
This is all her fault.
God has "brought her grief" (5b) because of her great sins (8b).
It is the reporter's view that not only is it her fault; she deserves this punishment.
We find ourselves agreeing with him
As we read the reporter's version of the story, we find nothing unexpected about what he says. It all matches up with other parts of the Old Testament which explain Jerusalem's fall as the consequence of God's anger at his people's disobedience (e.g., in 2 Kgs. 24:20 and 2 Chr. 36:16). Deuteronomy 28 even foretells both the city’s destruction and the people’s enslavement if the people sin against God.
We therefore nod along as the reporter tells us about the aftermath of Daughter Zion's betrayals. Of course, we think, Jerusalem's destruction was a consequence of her sin.
However, this isn't the only reason we agree with him.
"By speaking first, [the reporter] convinces us to accept his perspective on Zion's suffering. He thinks she brought it upon herself."
— Kathleen M. O'Connor
Lamentations and the Tears of the World, p.17
Not only does the reporter speak first, he is also a man. Even while he laments, he reports without emotion and in a factual manner that we still associate with authority and truth. This all adds extra credence to what he says. We therefore accept his version of events before the emotional Daughter Zion even gets to speak.
And this is where Lamentations highlights the harmful way we read the Bible.
We agree with the reporter and blame the victim.
We side with the man and blame the woman.
Daughter Zion interrupts
The reporter is in full flow when Daughter Zion unexpectedly interrupts him in verse 9. All she says is a single line.
"Look, LORD, on my affliction,
for the enemy has triumphed."
— Lamentations 1:9c NIV
Look, Lord.
See my suffering.
Her cry is alien to many of us. Our western culture influences us to keep our grief private and leaves our funerals as typically stoic affairs. The last thing we want are witnesses to our pain, yet Daughter Zion is desperate for one.
Each time she speaks in this first poem, she asks for the same thing: someone to witness her suffering.
The reporter ignores her
When you think someone's suffering is their own fault, don't you find it that much harder to feel empathy towards them?
It's the same for the reporter. His judgement of blame means he hardens his heart and ignores Daughter Zion's cry for a witness. He makes no move to comfort her.
He continues speaking as if no one interrupted him. He doesn't even acknowledge that she's spoken. However, his next words twist the idea of comfort, so it's clear he's heard her cry. Instead of laying on hands to comfort her or stretching out arms to embrace her, he talks about what the enemy's hands got up to.
The enemy laid hands
on all her treasures;
she saw pagan nations
enter her sanctuary—
those you had forbidden
to enter your assembly.
— Lamentations 1:10 NIV
On the surface, it appears as if the reporter is talking about the temple but, given the personification of Jerusalem as a woman, hands touching "her treasures" and foreigners entering "her sanctuary" also act as sexual innuendos regarding her betrayals.
Daughter Zion interrupts again
Daughter Zion's second interruption is her longest speech of Lamentations. From her perspective, things are not as obvious as the reporter is stating, and she makes her side of the story known.
She expresses her version of events clearest in verse 15c. Here, she resorts to third-person and speaks with the tone of the reporter to convey her message.
In his winepress the Lord has trampled
Virgin Daughter Judah.
— Lamentations 1:15c NIV
If the reporter is to be believed, Daughter Zion has betrayed God with many lovers.
If Daughter Zion is to be believed, God has punished a virgin and not a whore in his trampling of the city.
Whose version do we believe?
Lamentations doesn't offer us the clear-cut story of sin and God's punishment we were perhaps expecting it to. Instead, it challenges our traditional understanding of God's violence by asking us to pick sides.
Do we side with the perpetrator by excusing God's violence (perhaps by naming it as justice), by ignoring the violence of the invading empire (here, the Babylonians), and by blaming the victims for Jerusalem's fall (in this case, the people of Jerusalem)?
Or do we side with the victims (Daughter Zion and the people she poetically represents) as they "groan" and "search for bread" (11a)?
In any context other than the Bible, we would conclude that a victim is never to blame for the violence they've suffered. The people of Jerusalem are not to blame here, in the same way that the people of Ukraine today are not to blame for the atrocities committed on them by Russia.
And yet, by sticking to a narrative that says God is punishing his people's disobedience through Jerusalem's destruction, we are blaming the victims. We are blaming the dead, the starving, the homeless, the widowed, the orphaned, and the enslaved for the violence perpetrated against them by the invading Babylonian army.
How can we accept this?
The way Daughter Zion pushes back against this ancient (as well as sadly modern) theology suggests that maybe we shouldn't accept it at all.
And is this really about men and women?
Some of you reading this will question whether this is about men and women as well as perpetrator and victim. So let's break it down at the end here.
The leaders of Judah were all men.
The leaders of Babylon were all men.
The invading army were all men.
Yet, somehow, it's the woman in the story who conveniently gets blamed for the sinful choices and actions of all these male leaders.
I'll let you make up your own mind.
